Two Weeks in Soft Security: Free Resources on Countering Extremism, Hate, and Disinformation, October 2025 (II/II)

Read from a list of the 315 most popular LinkedIn resources, of which 17 videos, dealing with soft counter-extremism, countering hate speech, and on the theory of mis-/disinformation. As posted by Thorsten Koch, MA, PgDip, during the second half of October 2025.

The Top 10 resources, as part of the current issue…

  1. Far-right extremists are setting up rural enclaves around the world. We need to counter the threat they pose (The Conversation):
    https://lnkd.in/dA-yR2dG
  2. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Susceptibility to Violent Extremism (Terrorism and Political Violence):
    https://lnkd.in/dk-y8X7A
  3. Deciphering terrorist attributions: a global terrorism data-driven comparison of machine learning models (Social Network Analysis and Mining):
    https://lnkd.in/dzCW9_GW
  4. Emotional Tone Detection in Hate Speech Using Machine Learning and NLP: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions, a Systematic Review (Preprints):
    https://lnkd.in/dSVQN6PY
  5. Women and violent extremism (GSDRC):
    https://lnkd.in/d673ckPi
  6. New Words, New Experts: The Emergence of the Radicalization and Violent Extremism Expertise (Journal of Applied Social Science):
    https://lnkd.in/dh6GA7-e
  7. From Top-Down Failures to Bottom-Up Solutions in Irregular Conflicts (Policyinstitute.net):
    https://lnkd.in/d__3bwWW (counter-terrorism.org)
    https://lnkd.in/dtYwNqJK (strategism.org)
  8. FinVet: A Collaborative Framework of RAG and External Fact-Checking Agents for Financial Misinformation Detection (arXiv):
    https://lnkd.in/dbjbiY8X
  9. Rethinking counterterrorism: targeting organisational incentives, not just attacks (Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism):
    https://lnkd.in/d-kpma7G
  10. Evaluating Indonesia’s De-Radicalization Program: A Non-Punitive Approach to Countering Terrorism (Unikal):
    https://lnkd.in/dbk7QSDY

Background:

Since 2017, we have filed more than 23,000 shares on LinkedIn to a network of – now – more than 8,500 followers and connections – with links to articles and documents about preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE), against radicalization, on countering hate, and on how to desist from fallacious information. This is one of the reviews of the posts. Each two weeks, the full list of resources, made up of titles and URLs ordered according to content performance, features on our three project websites.

Browse on…

Joint Action Plan on Preventing and Countering of Terrorism and Violent Extremism for the Western Balkans (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/enPhRF_B (News)
https://lnkd.in/esBHyNrk (Publication)

Misogyny: A Hidden Entry Point in Online Youth Radicalisation (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dpagzvhC

Practices and Needs in Reintegration Programs for Violent Extremist Offenders in the United States: The Probation Officer Perspective (IDEAS, Repec):
https://lnkd.in/dVWkGJhy

Deobfuscating Iraqi Arabic Leetspeak for Hate Speech Detection Using AraBERT and Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN) (MDPI):
https://lnkd.in/dn_cmB2v

UK Terrorism Case Exposes Dangers of Rapid Online Radicalization (Homeland Security Today):
https://lnkd.in/d6mEvtxs

Commission preliminarily finds TikTok and Meta in breach of their transparency obligations under the Digital Services Act (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dEjrepmr

Video…
Beyond the Screen – Building Youth Resilience in a Digital World – EHGS 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dpt6J7WS

Victims at the Centre: Policy & Practice Joint Event Strengthens Collaboration and Impact (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/degeDAFf

Australian Police Develop AI Tool to Decode Criminal Emoji Slang and Combat Online Predators (The Outpost):
https://lnkd.in/dub48NBU

Gore online: How violent content is reaching children and what you can do (eSafety Commissioner, Australian Government):
https://lnkd.in/dNFNqfGS

Scalable, Context-Aware NLP Moderation for Child Safety: A Multi-Agent Ethical and Legal Compliance Framework (CEUR-WS):
https://lnkd.in/dNZHQKtJ

Fake News Detection in Portuguese Under Large Language Model-Generated Content (Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society):
https://lnkd.in/dmB93xmJ

Reciprocal escalation of violent extremism: Experimental and longitudinal evidence from Denmark (PNAS NEXUS):
https://lnkd.in/dEgE_JVT

Free Toolkit…
Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning Toolkit on Education for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (Hedayah & GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/d7QpJ6w8

Video…
764 – EHGS 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dvT_5VrQ

Everyone says they are worried about hate crimes. But Australia’s laws to combat them are all over the place (the Guardian):
https://lnkd.in/dMUsnfJ7

SinOdio-LATAM: A Contrastive Dataset for Regional Hate Speech Detection in Latin American Spanish (Antonio Fernandez Dromund):
https://lnkd.in/d4k3iiRR

Government plans lifetime ban on terrorists and hate preachers entering Belgium (The Brussels Times with Belga):
https://lnkd.in/dwSxs4mP

Addressing Radicalization in the Educational Environment (Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition):
https://lnkd.in/d-v7pYwW

Truth Under Siege: How Disinformation Threatens Corporate Security (Security Management, ASIS International):
https://lnkd.in/d4mBxdsR

Ægis: AI-Enhanced OSINT for Multimedia Verification (ACM Digital Library):
https://lnkd.in/dy3xwHZ7

Addressing Illegal Harms on Small and Emerging Platforms: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps (ISD):
https://lnkd.in/d7NQuQia

Media literacy, not AI machines, will define journalism (Euractiv):
https://lnkd.in/dbp3UA-8

AI roots out three key predictors of terrorism support (PsyPost):
https://lnkd.in/d5Uvc9vV

DeHate: A Holistic Hateful Video Dataset for Explicit and Implicit Hate Detection (ACM Digital Library):
https://lnkd.in/dUmMhnWM

Decision Rule-Based Learning of Terrorist Threat (Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management):
https://lnkd.in/dGrT6qaD

A new wave of social media APIs restrictions. A decade of challenge for digital social research (The Lab’s Quarterly):
https://lnkd.in/dc-Xg6Hy

Workplace Exhaustion’s Connection to Extremism (Flaglerlive):
https://lnkd.in/devahC-4

Narrative, Creative – Immersive? The Immersive Potential of Right-Wing Extremist Communication on Social Media (Democratic Culture in the Metaverse):
https://lnkd.in/e29tsmNy

Special issue editorial: gender and security in the Indo-Pacific (Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism):
https://lnkd.in/dYwJJFnt

Multi-Agency Working in Practice: The Dutch Care and Safety Houses (ICCT):
https://lnkd.in/dRahTCVX

The EBA advises the European Commission on the foundations of the new anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism regime (European Banking Authority):
https://lnkd.in/d26wTTuv

Growing alarm as Terrorist exploitation of children rapidly evolves, outpacing Member State responses (United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate):
https://lnkd.in/dKb66khj

Enhancing fake news detection through estimating user tendencies to spread fake news (Data and Information Management):
https://lnkd.in/dFq4HKsD

Addendum to the Abu Dhabi Memorandum on Good Practices for Education and Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dNB4CmsZ

Tracking down the Candy Crush Terrorist: the fragile relation between gaming motives and radical attitudes (Frontiers in Psychology):
https://lnkd.in/dYWYkSVE

Harnessing technology to prevent harm and protect victims (techUK):
https://lnkd.in/dTC-963p

Conclusion Paper: “Conspiracy Narratives and their Role in Radicalisation” (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dX3HB7dF

Free curriculum…
Training Manual on Education for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (Hedayah & GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dVVc357z

Leveraging XLM-RoBERTa with CNN and BiLSTM for Hinglish Toxicity Detection (Journal of Communications Software and Systems):
https://lnkd.in/d_hFmKDZ

Quantifying Feature Importance for Online Content Moderation (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dh8QZ577

Fake News, Social Media and National Security: World View and Islamic Perspective (Journal of Learning on History and Social Science):
https://lnkd.in/dWnYBzEt

Challenging Mental Health Misinformation on Social Media: The Role of eHealth Literacy, Self-Efficacy and Presumed Media Influence (Computers in Human Behavior):
https://lnkd.in/db3KDbiK

Technology Evolves the Tactics: Preparing for the Rise of Terrorist AI Harms (Homeland Security News Wire):
https://lnkd.in/ddrgxT7E

World leaders adopt Doha declaration to boost efforts on social development (United Nations):
https://lnkd.in/dNeHYxRA

Violent Extremism and Masculinity: A Case Study of Pakistan (TPM):
https://lnkd.in/dMDNgbXJ

Fighting Misinformation with Artificial Intelligence – and Maybe Cash (Harvard Graduate School of Education):
https://lnkd.in/da8HXkES

IMCTC holds a training course and a concurrent workshop on “Addressing Radicalization in the Educational Environment” in the Maldives (Islamic Military Counter-Terrorism Coalition):
https://lnkd.in/dk-2BZs5

Improved Hate Speech DetectionThrough a Robust Ensemble Framework (Proceedings of Data Analytics and Management: ICDAM 2025, Volume 6):
https://lnkd.in/d28in2sa

Reshare…
Conclusion Paper: Dealing with radicalised minors: The role of external influences and radicalised families (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dwedznvW

MIRAGE: Agentic Framework for Multimodal Misinformation Detection (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dKpVDf-4

MONEYVAL: Progress in measures to combat money laundering, but shortcomings remain in key areas (Council of Europe):
https://lnkd.in/d32ZBKbp (News)
https://lnkd.in/duzkCJj9 (Report)

Combating Economic Disinformation with AI: Insights from the EkonInfoChecker Project (MDPI):
https://lnkd.in/dmNV64XF

UNDP counts on new campaign to combat climate disinformation (UNDP):
https://lnkd.in/dka2D_P9

Applying a Social Lab Methodology for Adaptation of a Network in Preventing Radicalisation and Polarisation, the Delft Case Study (Italian Sociological Review):
https://lnkd.in/d5GzStFN

SHAP-RC: A Framework for Explaining Annotator Disagreement in Sexism Detection (Explainable Artificial Intelligence):
https://lnkd.in/dHHKP2Es

Using Psychological Science to Understand and Fight Health Misinformation: An APA Consensus Statement (American Psychologist):
https://lnkd.in/dQka_zYA

The Roles of the Local Leaders and the Community Groups in Fostering the Citizen Collaboration in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Lamu County, Kenya (International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies):
https://lnkd.in/d5-rYm5b

Exploring new criminal justice issues in counterterrorism (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dQv7PJXR

A Multi-class Cyberbullying Classification on Image and Text in Code-Mixed Bangla-English Social Media Content (Natural Language Processing Journal):
https://lnkd.in/dC6J44W8

Misogyny: A Hidden Entry Point in Online Youth Radicalisation (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dpagzvhC

The emerging political power of social media influencers (Policy Options):
https://lnkd.in/dhBrK4rJ

Video…
Building Trust to Advance Hate Crime Legislation and Reporting – EHGS 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/deT_vZbg

Aligning NLP Models with Target Population Perspectives using PAIR:
Population-Aligned Instance Replication (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/deMYaUJi

Violent Extremism and Administration of Government Services in Mandera County, Kenya (International Academic Journal of Arts and Humanities):
https://lnkd.in/ds2V8JUa

Strengthening Pakistan’s Counter Violent Extremism (CVE) Strategies: Toward Effective Deradicalization and Social Reintegration (Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review):
https://lnkd.in/dKAZwGjr

Challenging Mental Health Misinformation on Social Media: The Role of eHealth Literacy, Self-Efficacy and Presumed Media Influence (Computers in Human Behavior):
https://lnkd.in/db3KDbiK

Video…
Meeting the Moment Leading Across Nations – EHGS 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dHTWc7Xe

Addressing Illegal Harms on Small and Emerging Platforms: Regulatory Challenges and Gaps (ISD):
https://lnkd.in/dnWPqdid

First EUKH Policy and Practice Joint Event Focuses on Preventing Radicalisation Among Minors (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dEGTVFMy

African Operation Against Terrorism Financing Leads To 83 Arrests (Eurasia Review):
https://lnkd.in/dbeacGCg

Beyond the Explicit: A Bilingual Dataset for Dehumanization Detection in Social Media )(arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dpZK7ch6

Address on Misinformation & Disinformation in Paris Implications for Ghanaian Journalism (Modern Ghana):
https://lnkd.in/ddY4M9mY

Q&A: What you should know about 764, the online extremist group driven by ‘harm and chaos’ (CBC):
https://lnkd.in/dTW8KnYj

Operation Catalyst homes in on terrorist recruitment bureaus in Kenya and Tanzania as 83 arrests are made in Africa (Tell, Kenya):
https://lnkd.in/djEUfe4Z

Free resource…
Toolkit on the Protection of Witnesses and Criminal Justice Officials: Operationalizing Good Practices 4 and 7 of the GCTF Hague Memorandum (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dhaYBPnE

Computational linguistics and online extremism: New approaches to assessing offline violence risk (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dbRXBBGe

The AI Disinformation Nexus: Fourth Estate, Intelligence, and Governance (Euro-Balkan Law and Economics Review):
https://lnkd.in/d9uDrYBN

Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering (ICCSCE 2025) (Atlantis Press):
https://lnkd.in/djp9Sr4N

A multi-Graph Neural Network attention fusion framework for emotion-aware subgraph anomaly detection in social media fake news propagation (International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering):
https://lnkd.in/dvzKGhWf

Youth Radicalisation in the Gaming Sphere: An Exploration of Identity-Based Hate and Extremist Content on Roblox (GNET):
https://lnkd.in/dScz6enB

Can LLMs identify the Disinformation they create? Exploring the Role of Large Language Models in Disinformation detection (CEUR-WS):
https://lnkd.in/dKPwYqUB

Parameter-Efficient Hate Speech Detection: A Comprehensive Evaluation of LoRA-Adapted LLMs Across 18 Architectures (The 37th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering):
https://lnkd.in/dDRGGdMv

Social media use is associated with climate anxiety, climate doom, and support for radical action (Climatic Change):
https://lnkd.in/dFEf7K-4

An Onboarding Guide for New PVE Practitioners (CPN-PREV):
https://lnkd.in/dNAvmDTF

Video…
Building a Statewide Approach to Preventing Hate (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dMdhgGAm

Advanced Techniques for Fake News Detection on Twitter Using NLP and AI: A Comprehensive Review (EconPapers):
https://lnkd.in/dRwSxufp

Video…
Disinformation Congress: 2nd European Congress on Disinformation and Fact-Checking (Room 14.0.11) (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid):
https://lnkd.in/eGtmrSg9

Deterministic Trust Verification in Multi-Agent AI Systems using the Ancestor Framework (via ResearchGate):
https://lnkd.in/dvNv3nt5

AI-Slop and Political Propaganda: The Role of AI-Generated Content in Memes and Influence Campaigns (EON):
https://lnkd.in/dz-uteFB

Mitigating Misinformation: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Fake News Detection (Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Science and Technology for Tomorrow SciTech 2024):
https://lnkd.in/d-VArcR9

The Psychology of Falsehood: A Human-Centric Survey of Misinformation Detection (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/dm-Ej3jy

Video…
From A to Evil: The Salad Bar of Ideology – VOICES 2025 NYC SYMPOSIUM) (Voices Center for Resilience):
https://lnkd.in/dyC_5U5S

Global governance and security challenges: transnational pathways to reducing terrorism mortality in a globalized world (Research in Globalization):
https://lnkd.in/drRb6AMs

Moderation reasoning based on religious literacy to prevent radicalisation among interfaith Generation Z in Indonesia (International Studies in Catholic Education):
https://lnkd.in/dANQcU55

Reactions to Misinformation Corrections Made by Ambiguous Human and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Sources (The Ohio State University):
https://lnkd.in/dA4zWdqe

AI Manipulation and the Architecture of Online Extremism (Trends Research and Advisory):
https://lnkd.in/dhTPSZUv

Conclusion Paper: “Mental Health and Lone Actors: How are they connected?” (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dEwnKX3n

Regulation of the Metaverse (Democratic Culture in the Metaverse):
https://lnkd.in/e8BE5Nig

Gender sensitivity and the integral role of women in countering violent extremism (AJOL):
https://lnkd.in/dPtnXkXV

The Terrorism Surge: Key Trends and Implications for Global Security (Global Guardian):
https://lnkd.in/d_SGkZPw

Die angespannte Mitte. Rechtsextreme und demokratiegefährdende Einstellungen in Deutschland 2024/25 (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung):
https://lnkd.in/dFvjDZze

Hate Speech in the Metaverse (Democratic Culture in the Metaverse):
https://lnkd.in/e29tsmNy

Trust in institutions and misinformation susceptibility both independently explain vaccine skepticism (scientific reports):
https://lnkd.in/dVQE-EXD

How Librarians Can Survive in the Changing Landscape of Misinformation (via ResearchGate):
https://lnkd.in/dJw5_Mdr

Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques to Investigate Media and Information Literacy Competence in Tackling Disinformation (MDPI):
https://lnkd.in/dJgey8-Q

Audio…
Inoculating the mind: protecting against misinformation with Sander van der Linden (The We Society By AcSS):
https://lnkd.in/dKfaQGky

Arabic Hope and Hate Speech (Proceedings of The Third Arabic Natural Language Processing Conference, Association for Computational Linguistics, via ACL Anthology):

  • AAA at MAHED Shared task: A Systematic Encoder Evaluation for Arabic Hope and Hate Speech Classification:
    https://lnkd.in/dydYDhE2
  • ANLPers at MAHED Shared Task: From Hate to Hope: Boosting Arabic Text Classification:
    https://lnkd.in/dga3YmBd
  • AraNLP at MAHED 2025 Shared Task: Using AraBERT for Text-based Hate and Hope Speech Classification:
    https://lnkd.in/dewDApmy
  • HTU at MAHED Shared Task: Ensemble-Based Classification of Arabic Hate and Hope Speech Using Pre-trained Dialectal Arabic Models:
    https://lnkd.in/debZ2uJX
  • MAHED Shared Task: Multimodal Detection of Hope and Hate Emotions in Arabic Content:
    https://lnkd.in/dszC6nY9
  • NYUAD at MAHED Shared Task: Detecting Hope, Hate, and Emotion in Arabic Textual Speech and Multi-modal Memes Using Large Language:
    https://lnkd.in/dzWd7MtT
  • REGLAT at MAHED Shared Task: A Hybrid Ensemble-Based System for Arabic Hate Speech Detection:
    https://lnkd.in/dUR4Mbqz

Modelling Misinformation in Swahili-English Code-switched Texts (I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science):
https://lnkd.in/dG6Cma3V

Advancing Efforts Around Education for the Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dB7n6NAt

Hybrid data mining for pandemic public opinion analysis: integrating sentiment, topic, and geolocation data (Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology):
https://lnkd.in/dzFbNu3C

Fury and Void: Legal Pathways to Counter 764 (ICCT):
https://lnkd.in/djUJxTEg

Tackling misinformation and hate speech: A campaign for peace in South Sudan (JHR, Canada):
https://lnkd.in/dEyitE7x

Algorithmic Fairness in NLP: Persona-Infused LLMs for Human-Centric Hate Speech Detection (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dkmMjgba

Misogynous Memes Recognition: Training vs Inference Bias Mitigation Strategies (Italian Journal of Computational Linguistics):
https://lnkd.in/dqSA4vb8

Conclusion Paper…
Management of Foreign Terrorist Fighters, Volunteers, and Their Families 2nd Thematic Panel Meeting, 10 th and 11 th June 2025, Berlin (Germany) (EU Knowledge Hub on Prevention of Radicalisation, European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/d-J2Bfh3

Improving Canada’s Hate Crime Data Collection: A Comparative Study (Centre for International Governance Innovation):
https://lnkd.in/dc_qGQv7

Leveraging LLMs for Identifying types of Misinformation on Reddit (CEUR-WS):
https://lnkd.in/djdgngvb

Fake News Detection in Indonesian Language Using a Deep Learning Approach with Indo-BERT (Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Social Science and Education):
https://lnkd.in/deg38-8n

Reshare…
UP End Hate. Unite. Prevent. End Hate – National findings report (Eradicate Hate, Community Matters, The Reilly Group & Moonshot):
https://lnkd.in/d8B4p7vc

Video…
Disinformation Congress: 2nd European Congress on Disinformation and Fact-Checking (Room 17.2.75) (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid):
https://lnkd.in/egDdk_4p

MMM-Fact: A Multimodal, Multi-Domain Fact-Checking Dataset with Multi-Level Retrieval Difficulty (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dCft_N74

The Intersection of AI-Generated Cartoon Images in Hate Speech on Facebook: A Linguistic and Visual Discourse Analysis (Multidisciplinary International Journal):
https://lnkd.in/dQShj7b7

Truth Is All You Need: Enhancing Fake News Detection with Interpretable Language Models (Preprints):
https://lnkd.in/dfZ8JNcN

Conclusion Paper: “Strengthening Strategic Communications on the local level.” (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/decHMBub

Tech Interventions for Novel Nihilistic Violent Extremist Threats (Homeland Security Today):
https://lnkd.in/dqMsr3hB

Performance Evaluation of ALBERT Model for Fake News Detection Using Kaggle Dataset (International Journal of Sciences and Innovation Engineering):
https://lnkd.in/dmGmpDj6

Social Media Minimum Age (Office of the Australian Information Commissioner):
https://lnkd.in/dubGi82C

Combatting Terrorist Use of the Internet: Post-event paper (Interventionen)
https://lnkd.in/dmd38AAx

Video…
Working Group Update – EHGS 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dFMH8P7J

Video…
Disinformation and Democratic Resilience: Tools for Countering Digital Threats (Paris Peace Forum):
https://lnkd.in/d_Xj2K4F

Social Media Response to Scholarly Publications on COVID-19 Misinformation: An Altmetric Analysis (University of Calicut, Kerala via ResearchGate):
https://lnkd.in/dWAnA63V

Toward Bias-Aware and Efficient Offensive Language Detection Using QLoRA-Optimized LLaMA and GPT Models (Advances in Soft Computing):
https://lnkd.in/dJYMuvM7

Free eBook…
Handbook of Counselling Methods in the Field of Religiously Motivated Extremism (IZRD):
https://lnkd.in/dbTGveSE

Quantifying the Engagement Effectiveness of Cyber Cognitive Attacks: A Behavioral Metric for Disinformation Campaigns (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/d9C_9_-r

Advancing efforts around education for the prevention and countering violent extremism conducive to terrorism (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dT4-_JqF

Information Ecosystems in Crisis: Libraries as Catalysts for Countering Misinformation and Promoting Digital Competence (IJRLS):
https://lnkd.in/dKMvCpn2

Video…
Jacinda Ardern on AI’s role in countering extremism online (GZERO):
https://lnkd.in/daDxxwr3

2025 Progress Report on the Federal Framework to Reduce Recidivism (Public Safety Canada):
https://lnkd.in/dgEq9ACR

Cutting through Complexity. Evaluating Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) (OAPEN):
https://lnkd.in/dv_ub5Jg

Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians (Inter-Parliamentary Union):
https://lnkd.in/dE5qJneN

Empowering cities against mis/disinformation: building capacity, coordination, and trust (CCRE-CEMR):
https://lnkd.in/dJvTZnGv (News)
https://lnkd.in/dRcWxsP4 (Full Study)

PrEval Monitor 2025 (PRIF):
https://lnkd.in/e8sGVp6f

Assassins and Modern Religious Terrorism: Historical Parallels, Theoretical Insights, and Lessons for Terrorism Studies (IJCSS):
https://lnkd.in/dM3nygRk

Can We “Inoculate” the Brain Against Misinformation? (Psychology Today):
https://lnkd.in/dq7isY4k

Political HateCheck: Fine-Tuning BERT for Detecting Hate Speech in Tweets (Proceedings of Data Analytics and Management: ICDAM 2025):
https://lnkd.in/dnBgTCmY

A Moving Target: Detecting Concept Drift in Brazilian Portuguese Fake News (Proceedings of the Brazilian Symposium in Information and Human Language Technology):
https://lnkd.in/divUdPfK

Integrating developments in the field of education for the prevention and countering of violent extremism conducive to terrorism (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dZeaX8fH

Social Labs and Interreligious Dynamics: A Methodological Breakthrough in Understanding and Countering Extremism (Italian Sociological Review):
https://lnkd.in/dg8UXQGG

Unpixelated Hate? Lessons from VR Gaming for a Digital Civil Society (Democratic Culture in the Metaverse):
https://lnkd.in/dN69VmYe

A Comprehensive Survey on Multimodal Fake News Detection: Techniques, Challenges, and Future (SSRN):
https://lnkd.in/d3GkQ5ct

Mitigating Misinformation: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Models for Fake News Detection (Proceedings of International Conference on Sustainable Science and Technology for Tomorrow):
https://lnkd.in/dHKwpZfR

Minimizing the Spread of Misinformation using Random Influence Subgraph Sampling (Expert Systems with Applications):
https://lnkd.in/dR4QGH9P

Digital Literacy Programs to Prevent Targeted Violence (Homeland Security Today):
https://lnkd.in/djTusqBS

Audio…

09 Islamismus: Herausforderung für Gesellschaft und Prävention. Gast: Prof. Dr. Jens Ostwaldt (INTERKRIM – Kriminologie im Gespräch):

https://lnkd.in/dnqvPt8e

The Regulation of the digital transition in the EU: Opportunities & challenges in the EU’s fight against disinformation (Utrecht University):
https://lnkd.in/dhJBZZG6

A Triadic Analysis of Fake News: Drivers, Technological Features, and Societal Impacts on Social Media (Journal of Media and Information Warfare):
https://lnkd.in/dbc9PFtB

Disentangling Subjectivity and Uncertainty for Hate Speech Annotation and Modeling using Gaze (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/didEEGNA

From Margins to Extremes: Economic Factors, Social Integration and the Radicalisation of European Youth (Journal of Intercultural Studies):
https://lnkd.in/ddGpjmTA

Terrorist financing: the driving force behind radicalisation (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dRhCc8hT

Divided by discipline? A systematic literature review on the quantification of online sexism and misogyny using a semi-automated approach (Scientometrics):
https://lnkd.in/d9sHCyRV

Free report…
“That Violates My Policies”: AI Laws, Chatbots, and the Future of Expression (The Future of Free Speech, Vanderbilt University):
https://lnkd.in/d8sgEKmk

Fake news detection in Arabic media: comparative analysis of machine learning and deep learning algorithms using the Arabic Fake News Dataset (PeerJ):
https://lnkd.in/dW_v2jAF

Unified Cross-Domain Evaluation of Fake News Detectors: From Robustness to Calibration (Tech Rxiv):
https://lnkd.in/drExs_ZN

Closing the Enforcement Gap: AI, Illicit Liquidity, and the Next Phase of Counter-Terrorist Finance (GNET):
https://lnkd.in/dds6ecDR

Algorithmic Fairness in NLP: Persona-Infused LLMs for Human-Centric Hate Speech Detection (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dkmMjgba

The true danger of AI comes from overreliance, not misinformation (The Daily Cardinal):
https://lnkd.in/d4hifDZb

Expert advocates renewed tactics, regulations to curb terrorism funding in Africa (The Guardian, Nigeria):
https://lnkd.in/d6TqsvbA

Victims at the Centre: Policy & Practice Joint Event Strengthens Collaboration and Impact (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/degeDAFf

Preventing Political Radicalization in Youth (CLEIMUN25 Research Report):
https://lnkd.in/dfFpKVC5

Implementing Social Labs in Addressing Radicalisation and Promoting Inter-Religious Dialogue (Italian Sociological Review):
https://lnkd.in/drp9acDX

Peacebuilding network raises concerns over religious radicalism, unregulated madrassas (Blueprint, Nigeria):
https://lnkd.in/dxXkAKGw

Video…
Subject: Combatting New Forms of Extremism (parliamentlive.tv):
https://lnkd.in/dRmT8_ig

Emotional Tone Detection in Hate Speech Using Machine Learning and NLP: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions, a Systematic Review (Preprints):
https://lnkd.in/dSVQN6PY

The gamified reality of online hate | The Innovation Paradox (The Daily Free Press, Boston University):
https://lnkd.in/di6kJB2d

Motives Behind the Spread of Fake News on Social Media: Exploring the Users’ Perspective (International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan):
https://lnkd.in/dsjepJtn

October Highlights: Strengthening Prevention through Knowledge, Training, and Collaboration (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dbZ8VHsd

EU Pact on Migration and Asylum: Statelessness as a vulnerability (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/di9EWmr3

Malicious Use of AI and the Race to Respond: Innovation, Regulation, and Risk (GNET):
https://lnkd.in/d44cRqdM

A Toolkit for Cities: Building a Multi-Actor Local Prevention Framework (Strong Cities Network):
https://lnkd.in/dDhpyAQy

Conclusion Paper: “The Nexus Between Organised Crime and Extremism: How Ideologies and Conspiracy Theories Fuel the Symbiotic Relationship Between Crime and Extremism” (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dT_z_XtA

CSO Raises the Alarm over Rising Religious Radicalism, Highlights Risks of Unregulated Madrasas in Nigeria (This Day):
https://lnkd.in/dueA8582

Psychological vulnerabilities and digital radicalization in incels: a theoretical and prospective analysis (Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology):
https://lnkd.in/dJSiDKiG

Free study…
The Psychology of Misinformation: An Evidence-Based Guide to Belief, Susceptibility, and Resilience (Advances in Psychology):
https://lnkd.in/djVUX_i8

Audio…
Gaming und Extremismus – Wenn Ideologie ins Spiel kommt (MODUS | EXTREM):
https://lnkd.in/dqJeCUgt

eSafety requires providers of AI companion chatbots to explain how they are keeping Aussie kids safe (eSafety Commissioner, Australian Government):
https://lnkd.in/dFf6xKkm

Framing the Lie: A Linguistic Analysis of Viral Fake News Discourse (Journal Basis, Indonesia):
https://lnkd.in/d5zHhM3W

Fake news detection based on shared information and cross-feature ambiguity learning (Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence):
https://lnkd.in/dnFZJB2V

Subjektive Erklärungsansätze für islamistische Radikalisierungsprozesse und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Praxis des islamischen Religionsunterrichts – eine Interviewstudie mit Studierenden der Islamischen Religionslehre und Islamischen Theologie (Budrich Journals):
https://lnkd.in/egHpDhHU

Association of violence exposure and openness to violent activism: Understanding the role of psychological and social factors (APA PsycNet):
https://lnkd.in/d_xJff7f

Der neue Nihilismus: Die Leere im Zentrum des Terrors (Frankfurter Allgemeine):
https://lnkd.in/dXrqwgNX

Truth Is All You Need: Enhancing Fake News Detection with Interpretable Language Models (Preprints):
https://lnkd.in/dfZ8JNcN

Europe’s Far-Right Find Happy Hunting Grounds in Social Media (Impakter):
https://lnkd.in/dqkSFS4v

Weaponizing social Identities: What can we learn from examples of targeted disinformation? (Hybrid CoE):
https://lnkd.in/dYr5JY9E

Extremism in GTA 6’s Online Ecosystem (VOX Pol):
https://lnkd.in/dQuxQcs4

ZoFia: Zero-Shot Fake News Detection with Entity-Guided Retrieval and Multi-LLM Interaction (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dcT3Y4P5

Centering Youth Experiences to Prevent Violence in Halifax (CPN-PREV):
https://lnkd.in/dTDKsMpz

First EUKH Policy and Practice Joint Event Focuses on Preventing Radicalisation Among Minors (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dEGTVFMy

Psychological Inoculation: Protecting Freedom of Thought Against Manipulation (Homeland Security Today):
https://lnkd.in/dKeCkY5d

FTC Official Targets Bots and Radicalization (considerable):
https://lnkd.in/d6mGxHiV

OSCE and Tajikistan’s Academy of Public Administration organize training of trainers on preventing violent extremism and terrorism (OSCE):
https://lnkd.in/dfkCBmpr

Beyond Legal Measures: Effective Communication and Governance Responses to Misinformation and Fake News in Malaysia (EconPapers):
https://lnkd.in/dV7KVa86

Criminal Liability in Press Law and Artificial Intelligence-Generated Disinformation: Urgency of Reform in Indonesia (Jurist-Diction):
https://lnkd.in/dYSQVche

Normalizing toxicity: the role of recommender algorithms for young people’s mental health and social wellbeing (Frontiers in Psychology):
https://lnkd.in/dG7UzPyS

A War Fueled by Hate Speech: Sudan’s Fall into Fragmentation (Carnegie Endowment):
https://lnkd.in/dVrBqyWg

Fighting terrorism with comic books and animation: the benefits for the field of security (ieee.es):
https://lnkd.in/dxUbZw6B

Victoria Police hosts international counter terrorism forum in Melbourne (Victoria Police, Australia):
https://lnkd.in/dwcMAGJt

Beyond the Explicit: A Bilingual Dataset for Dehumanization Detection in Social Media (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dpZK7ch6

A toolbox to deal with misinformation in disaster risk management (AI & SOCIETY):
https://lnkd.in/dyzjjrk8

Resilience to Online Disinformation: The Role of Civil Society Organizations (Marszalek):
https://lnkd.in/dFwmjXvq

ZoFia: Zero-Shot Fake News Detection with Entity-Guided Retrieval and Multi-LLM Interaction (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dcT3Y4P5

The gamified reality of online hate | The Innovation Paradox (The Daily Free Press, Boston University):
https://lnkd.in/di6kJB2d

Confronting a Rise in Misogyny and Violent Extremism Online and Off (PEN America):
https://lnkd.in/dsCZUUhn

Improving Canada’s Hate Crime Data Collection. A Comparative Study (Centre for International Governance Innovation):
https://lnkd.in/dc_qGQv7

Truth Is All You Need: Enhancing Fake News Detection with Interpretable Language Models (Preprints):
https://lnkd.in/d5sSyYWt

Video…
Episode 7 of Policy Pulse: “Countering Misinformation on Social Media” (LUMS):
https://lnkd.in/dK4GKUPh

Gendered disinformation as violence: A new analytical agenda (Misinformation Review):
https://lnkd.in/ddCJdWbE

Health Misinformation Detection: Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities (INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing):
https://lnkd.in/dmnZnagQ

Modeling Fake News Diffusion for a Resilient Social Media Platform: Agent-Based Approaches to Responsible Social Media (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II):
https://lnkd.in/dn84SWgm

Documenting the setbacks: The new environment for counter-disinformation in Europe and Germany (EU Disinfo Lab):
https://lnkd.in/dHz6sXkG

A perspective on friction interventions to curb the spread of misinformation (npj complexity):
https://lnkd.in/dMrNm9TU

Political Deepfakes: The New Age of Propaganda and Disinformation (Insights2Techinfo):
https://lnkd.in/dYuChDfP

Mathematical Modelling of Radicalization and Terrorism Dynamics (European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics):
https://lnkd.in/dBSYQYkB

Sexist Verbal Violence on Social Media: A Psycholinguistic Study of Abusive Language (English Review, University of Kuningan, Indonesia):
https://lnkd.in/d5TF8wZH

Efficient Misinformation Detection on Twitter: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Bayesian Optimization with Hyperband (International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research):
https://lnkd.in/dnt5PSib

Beyond Algorethics: Addressing the Ethical and Anthropological Challenges of AI Recommender Systems (Journal of Media Ethics):
https://lnkd.in/dVZ_ePQg

Terrorism exerting huge toll on people of West Africa – Touray (Daily Trust):
https://lnkd.in/d4btRbKR

Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering (ICCSCE 2025) (Atlantis Press):
https://lnkd.in/dq2gRg7Y

Detecting and Mapping Hate in Religious Contexts (Religious Communication, Interaction and Transformation in a Culture of Digitality):
https://lnkd.in/dAFRSKUc

What Constitutes Belief in Conspiracy Theories? An Exploratory Insight Into Its Dimensions (Journal of Media and Information Warfare ):
https://lnkd.in/dM-4RK83

Why a social media ban is no silver bullet for child safety (ANU Reporter):
https://lnkd.in/diNhQRQQ

Video…
Financing the Terrorism Threat: Trends, Typologies, and the Policy Response (Program on Extremism at GWU):
https://lnkd.in/dj6bZVU3

Video…
37 Twitter Sentiment to Detect Hate Speech Using Machine Learning Algorithm Analysis (1Crore Projects):
https://lnkd.in/db3aVPiE

From Security to Stability: Evaluating Counter-Terrorism and Peace-Building Effectiveness in Mandera County, Kenya (Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies):
https://lnkd.in/dihufZ5r

Right- and Left-Wing Violent Extremist Abuse of Digital Technologies in the Global South (ICCT):
https://lnkd.in/d69yJRes

Countering Boko Haram insurgency in Northeastern Nigeria: indigenous knowledge as an incentive for rethinking approaches to counterterrorism in Africa (Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression):
https://lnkd.in/djH7VkKA

Tunisian Dialect Hate Speech and Abuse Detection with BERT-Based Models (Procedia Computer Science):
https://lnkd.in/dFCNjaYU

Opportunities and risks in the digital gaming ecosystem: Insights from Brazil and the UK (Digital Futures for Children centre, LSE & 5Rights Foundation):
https://lnkd.in/duYcq2pi

Framing Terror: Media, Boko Haram, and the Struggle for Narrative Power in Nigeria (Futurity of Social Sciences):
https://lnkd.in/dVYebh4b

Fake News and Public Opinion Manipulation: A Comparative Analytical Study of Fabricated and Authentic Content (ZAOULI ):
https://lnkd.in/dnAdPa9Q

The 764 Network: An Analysis of a Violent Extremist Organization (Cyber Midnight):
https://lnkd.in/dZJy2q9b

Sovereignism And Anti-Authority Extremism in Germany and Canada- A Comparative Analysis for a Deeper Understanding of the Fluid Movement (Modus – ZAD & Organization for the Prevention of Violence):
https://lnkd.in/d5NAn5S4

Happiness Through HateLess? Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of an Anti-Hate Speech Program on Victimized and Non-Victimized Youth (Journal of Adolescence):
https://lnkd.in/dnDpz7-g

Assessing and Mitigating Conflict-Related Online Risks: Challenges for Governments, Regulators and Online Platforms (ISD):
https://lnkd.in/dsQKm287

Digital Age: Navigating Legal Landscape vis-à-vis Addressing Deepfakes and Manipulated Media (Journal of Development Economics and Management Research Studies):
https://lnkd.in/dnhZ4yeJ

Development and testing of a dimensional typology of cyberdeviance (The Information Society):
https://lnkd.in/dd76uxMe

Dynamic Routing Between Experts: A Data-Efficient Approach to Continual Learning in Vision-Language Models (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/djrccaDF

Integrating developments in the field of education for the prevention and countering of violent extremism conducive to terrorism (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dQbe3Zpn

Record referrals to Prevent anti-terror programme (BBC):
https://lnkd.in/dtjZkyiP

Computational linguistics and online extremism: New approaches to assessing offline violence risk (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dbRXBBGe

Advancing counterterrorism efforts to face new and existing threats (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dMfAqeD7

Performance comparison of deep learning approaches for Indonesian twitter hate speech detection using IndoBERTweet embedding (Procedia Computer Science):
https://lnkd.in/dtj7axxp

Misogyny metastasizes in the ‘manosphere’ (Whig Standard):
https://lnkd.in/dAMJc-bX

Multi-Tiered Fake Image Analysis: A Unified Deep and Machine Learning Approach (Excel International Journal of Technology, Engineering and Management):
https://lnkd.in/dZ-mvjhb

Everyday Extremism: Molka, Nth Room, and the Infrastructure of Digital Misogyny (GNET):
https://lnkd.in/d_TB8W4x

Protecting Children in Online Gaming: Mitigating Risks from Organized Violence (UNICEF):
https://lnkd.in/dwadkwD4

Fake News Detection using Machine Learning: Integrating FakeBERT Classification, Style Analysis, and Credibility Verification (Procedia Computer Science):
https://lnkd.in/dNxrdwyh

Perception, Understanding and Reasoning, A Multimodal Benchmark for Video Fake News Detection (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dJRiDxsS

Growing alarm as Terrorist exploitation of children rapidly evolves, outpacing Member State responses (UN CTED):
https://lnkd.in/dKb66khj

Rewarding Engagement and Personalization in Popularity-Based Rankings Amplifies Extremism and Polarization (arXiv):
https://lnkd.in/dB6uYMYM

Advancing counterterrorism efforts to face new and existing threats (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dhXCxgbV

Token Freedom of Speech and the Legal Boundaries of Hate Speech in Contemporary Democracies (SSRN):
https://lnkd.in/dBnPpwP6

AI and Cyber-Enabled Threats to Democracy through Algorithmic Manipulation and Generative AI in Undermining Democratic Integrity (The European Scientific Journal ESJ):
https://lnkd.in/dtEBSkwk

Moderation or Radicalization? How Audience Engagements Steer Ideological Drift on Decentralized Social Media (SSRN):
https://lnkd.in/d77tAk3t

Video…
Deep Dive Podcast – Stopping youth radicalisation in the age of AI (CNA):
https://lnkd.in/dwFyGY6j

Conclusion Paper: Bridging Technology Ecosystems: Navigating Emerging & Persisting Dimensions in the Digital Landscape (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/d2fAVz-X

Sociology of Information Consumption: The Digital Generation and the Problem of Disinformation (National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent via academia.edu):
https://lnkd.in/dFUviGvJ

Gesellschaftliche Radikalisierung in Form einer Radikalisierungsspirale – und wie man mit ihr umgehen könnte (Budrich Journals):
https://lnkd.in/eR5yzP-K

Dynamic Lifecycle Induced Authenticity Analysis for Multi-modal Fake News Detection (Expert Systems with Applications):
https://lnkd.in/dNSPsS2P

Terrorist financing: the driving force behind radicalisation (European Commission):
https://lnkd.in/dRhCc8hT

Decentralized Autonomous Organisations (DAOS) in the Metaverse: The Future of Extremist Organisation? (Democratic Culture in the Metaverse):
https://lnkd.in/e29tsmNy

OSCE Roundtable in Tashkent Shows How Media Literacy Can Shield Youth from Radicalization (OSCE):
https://lnkd.in/d4mZPmXG

The 3N Model and collective support for extreme measures to combat COVID-19 (PLOS One):
https://lnkd.in/dM4M8HAX

Video…
Keynote Address by PA Governor Josh Shapiro | Eradicate Hate Global Summit 2025 (Eradicate Hate Global Summit):
https://lnkd.in/dYYFrv-W

“Manifestations of Ideology Extremism in the Educational Environment” as part of IMCTC’s “Prevention” initiative (Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition):
https://lnkd.in/dxGWmWGW

Advancing counterterrorism efforts to face new and existing threats (GCTF):
https://lnkd.in/dhXCxgbV

EU urged to tighten anti-hate speech rules (Politico):
https://lnkd.in/dtRphvHN

Bewahrung der demokratischen Resilienz in der Polizei mit Hilfe von Bildung und Wissenstransfer (Budrich Journals):
https://lnkd.in/eM58z5T9

A text-based hybrid transfer learning model for ternary classification in health misinformation detection (Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence):
https://lnkd.in/dYUGqkGF

Push to counter disinformation at COP30 climate summit (DW):
https://lnkd.in/dmzrx2zG

Filtering Hate Speech from Memes using A Multimodal Fusion-based Approach (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/dgV9YBNs

Mathematical Modelling of Radicalization and Terrorism Dynamics (European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics):
https://lnkd.in/dBSYQYkB

Security and Rights in CyberSpace: Cyber Social Security (CEUR-WS):
https://lnkd.in/deGzdwpZ

Building Legislative Legitimacy of “Fake News” Laws: A Study of How Governments May Seek to Legitimize Policy Interventions Against Fake News (Digital Journalism):
https://lnkd.in/d7KPDkRc

What a 400-Million-Tweet study revealed about the “War on Science” (Fondazione Bruno Kessler):
https://lnkd.in/dMAF9P-m

Learn and Unlearn: Addressing Misinformation in Multilingual LLMs (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/dNNtRnhf

Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Science and Communication Engineering (ICCSCE 2025 via Atlantis Press):
https://lnkd.in/djp9Sr4N

The Roles of the Local Leaders and the Community Groups in Fostering the Citizen Collaboration in Counter-Terrorism Efforts in Lamu County, Kenya (International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies):
https://lnkd.in/d_e4hhjM

Trust in institutions and misinformation susceptibility both independently explain vaccine skepticism (scientific reports):
https://lnkd.in/dVQE-EXD

The Leadership Integrity Framework for Trust in the Age of Misinformation (Canadian Journal of Business and Information Studies):
https://lnkd.in/dQxv2kHB

DiNaM: Disinformation Narrative Mining with Large Language Models (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/de72RmxW

Baoflowin502 at MAHED Shared Task: Text-based Hate and Hope Speech Classification (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/dH-A4kFN

Ai-Driven Fact-Checking and Disinformation: Opportunities, Limitations, and Implementation in Newsrooms (Policy Journal of Social Science Review):
https://lnkd.in/dHxFtNGi

A text-based hybrid transfer learning model for ternary classification in health misinformation detection (Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence):
https://lnkd.in/dYUGqkGF

MPCG: Multi-Round Persona-Conditioned Generation for Modeling the Evolution of Misinformation with LLMs (ACL Anthology):
https://lnkd.in/dHDnsHMm

policyinstitutenet #preventradicalization #preventextremism

counterextremism #preventhate hashtag#disinformation #misinformation

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